Species Native to Southeast Michigan

This listing is organized by each plant's reference overview.
Listings by common name and scientific name are also available. 




Ferns

	

		
			Maidenhair fern - Adiantum pedatum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Fern (Polypodiaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30-50 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Terrestrial 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full shade to partial shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Northern lady fern - Athyrium filix-femina
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Woodsia (Woodsiaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 90 cm to 1.20 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Meadows, open thickets, moist woods, and occasionally swamps 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full shade to partial shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to Wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Goldie's woodfern - Dryopteris goldiana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Dryopterida (Dryopteridaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 24-48" 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Damp 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Wood or fancy fern - Dryopteris intermedia
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Dryopterida (Dryopteridaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 .5-1 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Wet or moist, acidic woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full shade to partial shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet or moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Ostrich fern - Matteuccia struthiopteris
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Woodsia (Woodsiaceae or Aspleniaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 60-90 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 None 
		 Conditions:  
		 Mesic to wet-mesic upland forests, floodplain forests, wet thickets, wetlands, swamps, and lake borders 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full shade to partial shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		 Edible. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Sensitive fern - Onoclea sensibilis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Dryopterida (Onocleaceae (Dryopteridaceae)) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30-60 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Sandy Loam, Clay Loam, Medium Loam 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Shade to semi-shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		 Deciduous 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Cinnamon fern - Osmunda cinnamomea
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Osmundaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 60 cm to 1.20 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 None 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Prefers full shade to partial shade or partial sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to moist 
	

	

		 In the North, it may be collected in spring and boiled like asparagus for eating 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Royal fern - Osmunda regalis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Osmundaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 60 cm to 1.80 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 None 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist woodlands, in marshes, swamps and sometimes on wet cliffs 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Prefers full shade to partial shade or partial sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Christmas fern - Polystichum acrostichoides
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (N/A) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30-60 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Shade to partial shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Bracken fern - Pteridium aquilinum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Dennstaedtiaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 90 cm to 1.20 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Meadows, roadsides, clearings, sterile sandy soils, burns, avalanche tracks, dry to wet forests, acid sites such as lake-shores and bogs 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		   
	


Flowers

	

		
			White Baneberry - Actaea pachypoda
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Buttercup (Ranunculaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-2' (30-60 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/4" (6 mm) wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Shiny white berries, each with a black dot 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rich woods  and thickets 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 The berries are poisonous to humans. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Red Baneberry - Actaea rubra
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Buttercup (Ranunculaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-2' (30-60 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/4" wide (6 mm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Clustered red berries on slender stalks 
		 Conditions:  
		 Woods and thickets 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruits are poisonous to humans, but a good food source for birds. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Nodding Wild Onion - Allium cernuum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Lily (Liliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-2' (30-60 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Lavender 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/4" (6 mm) long in clusters about 2 1/2" (6.3 cm) wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 3-lobed, crested capsule 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rocky slopes, prairies, and shore 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 The bulbs are very strong but can be eaten raw or parboiled. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Wild Leek, Ramp - Allium tricoccum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Lily (Liliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 6-20"(15-50 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Creamy white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/4" (6 mm) long in clusters about about 1 1/2 (3.8 cm) wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 3-lobed capsule 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rich, moist woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Canada Anemone - Anemone canadensis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Buttercup (Ranunculaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 4-10" (10-25 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1 1/2" (3.8 cm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Seed-like, woolly, cylindrical head 
		 Conditions:  
		 Limestone soils 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Long-headed Thimbleweed - Anemone cylindrica
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Buttercup (Ranunculaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1 - 1 1/2' (30-45 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Long cylindrical cone, 1 1/2" (3.8 cm) long; Cottony plumed achene 
		 Conditions:  
		 Generally associated with limestone; hill and sand prairies; dry to mesic prairies; open woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Rue Anemone - Anemonella thalictroides
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Buttercup (Ranunculaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 4-8" (10-20 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1" (2.5 cm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Open woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Ever-lasting, Pussytoes - Antennaria neglecta
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Aster (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-4" 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pink 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full Sun to Partial Sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Low to Moderate moisture 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Spreading Dogbane - Apocynum androsaemifolium
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Dogbane (Apocynaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-4' (30-120 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pink 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/3" (8 mm) wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 2 long, slender seed pods, 3-8" (7.5-20 cm), opening along one side, with seeds ending in a tuft of hair 
		 Conditions:  
		 Borders of dry woods, thickets, and fields; roadsides 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Wild Columbine - Aquilegia canadensis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Buttercup (Ranunculaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-2' (30-60 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Red 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1-2" (2.5-5 cm) long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Beaked, dry pod, splitting open along inner side 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rocky, wooded, or open slopes 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun to light shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Jack-in-the-Pulpit - Arisaema triphyllum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Arum (Araceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 12" (30-90 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Purplish-brown, often streaked or mottled 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2-3" (5-7.5 cm) long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Shiny red berries 
		 Conditions:  
		 Damp woods and swamps; needs rich soil 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Damp 
	

	

		 The root has a strong ginger-like odor. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Wild Ginger, Canada snakeroot - Asarum canadense
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Birthwort (Aristolochiaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 6-12" (15-30 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Red-brown to green-brown 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1 1/2" wide (3.8 cm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rich woods or rich soil; Moist woods and limestone ledges 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet location 
	

	

		 The root has a strong ginger-like odor.  Wild Ginger may be used as a shady woodland groundcover. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Swamp Milkweed - Asclepias incarnata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Milkweed (Asclepiadaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-4' (30-120 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pink and white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/4" (6 mm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 An elongated pod, 2-4" (5-10 cm) long, opening along one side 
		 Conditions:  
		 Swamps, shores, thickets 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full to filtered sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Prefers being wet to moist, but mature plants have some tolerance to moderate (seasonal) dryness 
	

	

		 All parts are poisonous. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Common Milkweed - Asclepias syriaca
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Milkweed (Asclepiadaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-6' (60-180 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pink 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/2" (1.3 cm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Rough-textured pod that splits open on one side, filled with many overlapping seeds, each covered with tuft of silky hairs 
		 Conditions:  
		 Old fields, roadsides, waste places 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moderately (seasonally) dry 
	

	

		 Juice is watery, not milky. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Butterfly Weed, Pleurisy Root - Asclepias tuberosa
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Milkweed (Asclepiadaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-2 1/2' (30-75 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Bright orange 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 3/8" (9 mm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Spindle-shpaed, narrow, hairy, erect pods 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry open soil, roadsides and fields 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun or part shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moderately (seasonally) dry 
	

	

		 Juice is watery, not milky. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Whorled milkweed - Asclepias verticillata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Milkweed (Asclepiadaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-2' 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Small 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Sky Blue Aster - Aster azureus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-4' (30-120 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Achenes with tufts of hair 
		 Conditions:  
		 Hill and sand prairies; moist to dry prairies; dry open woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Heath Aster - Aster ericoides
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Smooth Aster - Aster laevis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-4' (60-120 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Lavender-blue ray and yellow disk 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1" (2.5 cm) wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-October 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Dry, 1-seeded, often with reddish bristles 
		 Conditions:  
		 Fields, open woods, roadsides 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full to filtered sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Big Leaved Aster - Aster macrophyllus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-8' (60-152 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Lavender 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1-2" (2.5-5 cm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-October 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry open woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			New England Aster - Aster novae-angliae
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-8' (60-240 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Bright lavender to purplish-blue 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1-2" (2.5-5 cm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-October 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Fields, prairies, swamps 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full to filtered sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Damp to moderately (seasonally) dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Frost Aster - Aster pilosus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-4' (30-120 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Achenes with tufts of hair 
		 Conditions:  
		 Hill and sand prairies; dry to mesic prairies; degreaded prairies; disturbed areas 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			White aster - Aster ptarmicoides
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-2' 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Achenes with tufts of hair 
		 Conditions:  
		 Hill and sand prairies; dry prairies; calcareous bluffs 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to mesic soil 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Red stem aster - Aster puniceus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 8' 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Blue to deep purple with yellow to red center 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-November 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Wet meadows, river banks, and moist roadsides. 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Obligate Wetland specie 
	

	

		 Provides nectar for butterflies, browse for deer 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Arrow aster - Aster sagittifolius
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Blue, violet, white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Achene 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rocky woods, ravines, borders of thickets 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Panicled aster - Aster simplex
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-5' (60-150 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White, sometimes violet-tinged 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-October 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Damp thickets, meadows, shores 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Flat-topped aster - Aster umbellatus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-7' (30-210 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/2-3/4" (1.3-2 cm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist thickets and woods; edge of swamps 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		 Has an extremely wide flat top. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Marsh Marigold, Cowslip - Caltha palustris
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Buttercup (Ranunculaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-2' (30-60 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Shiny yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1-1/2" (2.5-3.8 mm) wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 In a whorl, each fruit splitting open along one side (follicle) 
		 Conditions:  
		 Swamps, marshes, wet meadows, along streams and brooks 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Part sun to shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet to moist soils 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Harebell - Campanula rotundifolia
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Bluebell (Campanulaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 6-20" (15-50 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Blue 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 3/4" (2 cm) long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Nodding capsule 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rocky banks and slopes, meadows, and shores 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun or partial shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Blue Cohosh - Caulophyllum thalictroides
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Barberry (Berberidaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 12-18" (30-45 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Waxy white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/2" (1.3 cm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Deep blue berry-like seeds 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Turtlehead - Chelone glabra
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Snapdragon (Scrophulariaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-3' (30-90 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White, often lavender-tinged 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1 - 1 1/2" (2.5-3.8 cm) long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Wet thickets, streambanks, low ground 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Filtered sun to light shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet to moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Field thistle - Cirsium discolor
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial, Biennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Violet 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 River bottom prairies and meadows, open woods, roadsides, along railroads, and degraded prairie remnants 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Goldfinches are fond of fruit 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Spring Beauty - Claytonia virginica
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Purslane (Portulacaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 6-12" (15-30 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pink or white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/2 - 3/4" (1.3-2 cm) wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 March-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Small capsule enclosed by two sepals 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist woods, thickets, clearings; mesic prairies; savannas 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Grows from an edible underground tuber having a sweet, chestnut-like flavor. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Lance-leaved coreopsis, Tickseed - Coreopsis lanceolata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30-60 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 5-6.3 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 1-seeded, dry, winged, with 2 terminal scales 
		 Conditions:  
		 Hill and sand prairies; savannas; sandy or rocky soil, disturbed areas 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Toothwort - Dentaria laciniata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Mustard (Brassicaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 15-60 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White or pink 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Narrow, upward-angled capsule 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist low woodlands and damp thickets 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Showy tick-trefoil - Desmodium canadense
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Pea (Fabaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 60-180 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pink or rose-purple 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1.3 cm long on pidicels to 8 mm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Hairy, segmented pod, with 3-5 joints 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry to mesic prairies; moist open woods and field edges 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Dutchman's Breeches - Dicentra cucullaria
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Poppy (Papaveraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 4-12" (10-30 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 3/4" (2 cm) long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Oblong to linear capsule, opening to base into 2 parts when mature 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rich woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Common Fleabane, Philadelphia Fleabane, Philadelphia Daisy - Erigeron philadelphicus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Biennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 15-90 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pink, pale pink or white rays around a yellow disk 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1.3-2.5 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April to August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rich thickets, fields and open woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Burning Fleabane produces an oily smoke that repels insects.  Erigeron philadelphicus spreads by runners. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			White trout lily - Erythronium albidum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Lily (Liliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 10-25 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White or (rarely) yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2.5 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 March-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Ovid capsule 
		 Conditions:  
		 Limestone-rich areas on wooded slopes; rich woods and meadows 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Most often seen in vast carpets of single leaves protruding from the forest floor and is often among the first to return following the planting of a lawn or other disturbance.  The plant grows from an edible bulb which enlarges and buries itself deeper in the ground as the plant matures. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Spotted Joe-Pye Weed - Eupatorium maculatum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-7" (60-180 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Magenta 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/3" (8 mm) in clusters 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Damp meadows, thickets, shores 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Part shade to sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet to moist soil 
	

	

		 Grows taller in wetter soils 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Boneset - Eupatorium perfoliatum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-4' (60-120 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Dull white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/4" (6 mm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-October 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Low woods and wet meadows 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Flowering spurge - Euphorbia corollata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Spurge (Euphorbiaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 25-90 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Bracted groups 9 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-October 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry open woods, fields, roadsides 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry, dry-mesic, mesic 
	

	

		 Related to the Christmas Poinsettia. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Wild Strawberry - Fragaria virginiana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 7.5-15 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Dry, seed-like, sunken within enlarged fleshy cone 
		 Conditions:  
		 Open fields, edges of woods; Wet to mesic prairies 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry-mesic 
	

	

		 Fruit is edible; leaves are used for tea. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Northern snow bedstraw - Galium boreale
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Bedstraw (Rubiaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 20-90 cm long 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 6 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Dry, smooth or with short, straight hairs 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rocky soil, shores, streambanks 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Closed gentian - Gentiana andrewsii
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Gentian (Gentianaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 Aquatic 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1.3-2 cm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Ponds and slow streams, in the coastal plain 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Aquatic 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Wild Geranium - Geranium maculatum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Geranium (Geraniaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1'2' (30-60 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Lavender 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1-1 1/2" (2.5-3.8 cm) wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Elongated beaked capsule 
		 Conditions:  
		 Preferred soils are clay loam to sandy clay loams and sandy loams, of average to above-average fertility, and from slightly alkaline or neutral to slightly acidic. 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Moderately shade tolerant 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Common sneeze-weed - Helenium autumnale
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Aster (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 60-150 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2.5-5 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-November 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Swamps and wet meadows 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Woodland Sunflower - Helianthus divaricatus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Low moisture requirements 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Giant sunflower - Helianthus giganteus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Aster (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 90-360 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Heads 3.8-7.5 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-October 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Swamps, wet thickets, and meadows 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Western sunflower - Helianthus occidentalis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Aster (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 90-360 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Upland forest, prairie, sand prairie, savanna, agricultural fields 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to mesic 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Woodland Sunflower - Helianthus strumosus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 3-7' (90-210 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2 1/2 - 3 1/2" (6.3-9 cm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Woods, thickets, and clearings 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Jerusalem artichoke - Helianthus tuberosus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Aster (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 150-300 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Golden yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Heads 7.5 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-October 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Sloughs; often in alluvial soils of valleys; waste ground; roads; railroads. 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Tubers eaten raw, cooked, or pickled.  Contain the carbohydrate inulin with the fruit sugar levulose, which can be eaten by diabetics.  Other possible uses- seeds-breadstuff, oil, soup, coffee substitute. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Ox-Eye sunflower - Heliopsis helianthoides
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Aster (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 60-90 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Disturbed prairie remnants, woodland edges, open or rocky woods, and along railroads 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun to partial shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Sharp-lobed Hepatica - Hepatica acutiloba
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Buttercup (Ranunculaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 5-18 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 12-25 mm 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Gently rolling hills to bluffs and outcroppings, on soils of low fertility and low moisture-holding capacity (e.g. sandy loam) to calcareous moist upland wood 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Round-lobed Hepatica - Hepatica americana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Buttercup (Ranunculaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 4-6" (10-15 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pinkish, lavender-blue, or white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/2-1" (1.3-2.5 cm) wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 March-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Several, hairy, seed-like 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry rocky woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Midland alumroot - Heuchera richardsonii
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Saxifrage (Saxifragaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 60-90 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellowish-green 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 6 mm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Capsule 
		 Conditions:  
		 Prairies, woods, shaded slopes and rocks 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to mesic 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Canada hawkweed - Hieracium canadense
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Aster (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Orange yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Achene 
		 Conditions:  
		 Sand barrens, upland forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to mesic 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Long-leaved bluets - Houstonia longifolia
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Madder (Rubiaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Prairies 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Mesic 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Virginia waterleaf - Hydrophyllum virginianum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Waterleaf (Hydrophyllaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30-75 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White or dark violet 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 6-13 mm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Capsule 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist woods, clearings 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Great St. John's wort - Hypericum ascyron
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 St. Johnswort (Hypericaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Dward Lake Iris - Iris lacustris
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Iris (Iridaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 7-8 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Variable 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Open lake shores 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Damp (requires dry feet) 
	

	

		 Michigan's official wildflower 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Blue Flag Iris - Iris versicolor
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Iris (Iridaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 60-90 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Violet-blue 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 6.3-10 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Bluntly 3-lobed, erect capsule 
		 Conditions:  
		 Swamps, marshes, wet shores 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun to light shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet to damp 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Southern Blue Flag - Iris virginica
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Iris (Iridaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 to 60 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Violet-blue 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Bluntly 3-lobed, erect capsule 
		 Conditions:  
		 Swamps, marshes, wet shores 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun to light shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet to damp 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Small Worled Pogonia - Isotria medeoloides
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Orchid (Orchidaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 to 25 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellowish-green 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 Late May, Early June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 a capsule, erect, ellipsoid, about 2.5 cm long, and about 1 cm wide on a stalk nearly as long as the capsule 
		 Conditions:  
		 Mature mixed or hardwood forest 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Endangered 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Two-flowered Cynthia, False dandeloin - Krigia biflora
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30-60 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow-orange 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Heads up to 3.8 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Open woods and meadows 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Bush clover - Lespedeza capitata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Pea (Fabaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Along roads, open woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Rough Blazing Star - Liatris aspera
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 16-48" (40-120 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Bright lavender to purplish-blue 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 3/4" (2 cm) wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-October 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Open plains and thin woods, in sandy soil 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Dwarf Blazing Star - Liatris cylindracea
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1 1/2-4' (45-120 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pinkish-purple 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-October 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Aachenes with tufts of hair 
		 Conditions:  
		 Hill and sand prairies; mesic to dry prairies 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Michigan Lily, Turk's Cap Lily - Lilium michiganense
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Lily (Liliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-6' (60-180 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow to orange-red 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Capsules with plump seeds 
		 Conditions:  
		 Mesic to wet prairies; swales; woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun to part shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet to moist soils 
	

	

		 Sepals and petals cover backward until they touch the flower tube 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Wood lily - Lilium philadelphicum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Lily (Liliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30-90 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 5 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Woods and thickets 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Hoary puccoon - Lithospermum canescens
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Borage (Boraginaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 15-45 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow-orange 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1.3 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 March-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 4 nutlets 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry, rocky sites; edges of grasslands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to moist 
	

	

		 Puccoon is an Indian name for a number of plants that yield colored dyes.  Red dye can be obtained from Lithospermum canescens' roots. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Cardinal Flower - Lobelia cardinalis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Bluebell (Campanulaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 60-240 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Scarlet to deep red or white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 3.8 cm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Bluntly 3-lobed, erect capsule 
		 Conditions:  
		 Damp sites, especially along streams 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun to medium shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet to moist, never dry 
	

	

		 Hummingbirds love this plant! 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Great Blue Lobelia - Lobelia siphilitica
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Bluebell (Campanulaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30-120 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Bright blue 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2.5 cm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rich lowland woods and meadows, swamps, marshes, stream banks 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full Sun/Part Shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Damp to moist 
	

	

		 More tolerant of dry conditions than Lobelia cardinalis. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Spiked Lobelia - Lobelia spicata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Bluebell (Campanulaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30-120 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Purplish-blue to bluish-white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 8-13 mm long, 2-lipped 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Fields, woodlands, and rich meadows; dry sandy soil 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full Sun/Part Shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Wild lupine - Lupinus perennis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Pea (Fabaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 20-60 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Blue 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 up to 1.6 cm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Legumes with few seeds 
		 Conditions:  
		 Sand prairies, savannas, dunes, open woods, and fields 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Michigan Monkeyflower - Mimulus glabratus var. michiganensis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Figwort (Scrophulariaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Mucky soil and sand that is saturated or covered by cold, flowing spring water 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Endangered 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Monkeyflower - Mimulus ringens
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Snapdragon (Scrophulariaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30-90 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Blue-purple 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2.5 cm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Wet meadows and streambanks 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Miterwort - Mitella diphylla
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Saxifrage (Saxifragaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 20-45 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 4 mm 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Miter-shaped capsule with black seeds exposed when pod splits open 
		 Conditions:  
		 Wooded ravines; rich, often rocky woods; stream banks 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Mesic 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Oswego tea - Monarda didyma
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Mint (Lamiaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 60-150 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Bright red 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 3.8 cm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist woods and thickets, especially along streams 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun to partial shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Wild Bergamot, Bee Balm - Mondara fistulosa
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Mint (Lamiaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-4' (60-120 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pink 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1" (2.5 cm) long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Nut 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry fields, thickets, borders 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Evening primrose - Oenothera biennis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Evening Primrose (Onagraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 60-150 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2.5-5 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Oblong capsule about 2.5 cm long 
		 Conditions:  
		 Waste ground, railroad ballast, open sand, and along roadsides 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 The flowers of this night-flowering biennial open in the evening and close by noon. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Ginseng, American Ginseng - Panax quinquefolius
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Genseng (Araliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 8-24" (20-60 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish-white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 .1" (.25 cm) in width 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May through August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 A cluster of bright red berries 
		 Conditions:  
		 Cool, rich, moist woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Ginseng will not tolerate wet soils but it does need occasional moisture 
	

	

		 The root is highly prized by the Chinese as a medicinal substance 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Wild quinine - Parthenium integrifolium
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Compositae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-3' 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Prairies, rock outcrops and roadsides in arid and semi-arid environments 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Well-drained 
	

	

		 The plant can cause dermatitis or allergies in sensitive people. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Foxglove penstemon, White beardtongue - Penstemon digitalis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Snapdragon (Scrophulariaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-4' (60-120 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White or pale pink 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Capsules with tiny seeds 
		 Conditions:  
		 Fields, roadsides, railways; mesic prairies, woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moderately (seasonally) dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Large-flowered beardtongue - Penstemon grandiflora
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Snapdragon (Scrophulariaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-4' (60-120 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Lavender 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 to 5 cm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Capsules with tiny seeds 
		 Conditions:  
		 Woods and thickets 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to moist 
	

	

		 Benefits from afternoon shade, and requires well-drained soil. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Hairy Beardtongue - Penstemon hirsutus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Snapdragon (Scrophulariaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-3' (30-90 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 lavender with white lips 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1" (2.5 cm) long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry or rocky ground 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full to filtered sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moderately (seasonally) dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Wild blue phlox, Wild sweet William - Phlox divaricata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Phlox (Polemoniaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 10-20" (25-50 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Light blue 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 3/4 - 1 1/2" (2-3.8 cm) wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rich woods, fields 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun to light shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Downy phlox - Phlox pilosa
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Polemoniaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30-45 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Lavender 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 Flowers borne mostly in mid- to late spring 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Open woods, slopes and prairies 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial sun to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			False Dragonhead, Obedient Plant - Physostegia virginiana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Mint (Lamiaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-4' (30-120 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pink 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 3/4-1" (2-2.5 cm) long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Damp thickets, swamps, prairies 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun to partial shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Average (moist to dry) 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Pokeweed, Inkberry, Pigeonberry - Phytolacca americana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Pokeweed (Phytolaccaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-3 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 6 inch spikes of 1/4 inch flowers 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 A dark purple berry 
		 Conditions:  
		 Damp thickets, clearings, and roadsides 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full to filtered sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Damp 
	

	

		 Most of the plant is poisonous, although young tender leaves may be eaten if they are thoroughly cooked with two exchanges of water. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Mayapple, Mandrake - Podophyllum peltatum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Barberry (Berberidaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 12-18" (30-45 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White to pale pink 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2" (5 cm) wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Large, fleshy, lemon-like berry 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rich woods and damp, shady clearings 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Shade to part sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Excellent ground cover with large rounded leaves.  These umbrella shaped plants will form a colony.  The plant's solitary nodding flower is followed by a fruit.  The leaves, roots, and seeds are poisonous if ingested in large quantities.  The fruits are edible and can be used in jellies. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Fringed Polygala, Gay-wings, Flowering-wintergreen - Polygala paucifolia
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Milkwort (Polygalaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Bright magenta or pink-purple, rarely pure white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 15-20 mm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Mixed and coniferous woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Shade to partial shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Wintergreen - Polygala sanguinea
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Milkwort (Polygalaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 10-40 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Varies from bright pink-magenta to white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Sandy fields, excavations, and borders of marshes 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to moist 
	

	

		 Stem is glabrous, solitary from a taproot 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Seneca snakeroot, Senega root - Polygala senega
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Milkwort (Polygalaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 10-50 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish white or nearly pure white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 Spring 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Wooded, boggy, swampy, rocky, or prairie-like hibitats, also shores and banks 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Reputed to have medicinal purposes for a wide variety of disorders, including snakebite 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Wintergreen - Polygala verticillata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Milkwort (Polygalaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 10-40 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pink-magenta or greenish white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Sandy fields, shores, hillsides, woodlands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to (usually) dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Smooth Solomon's Seal - Polygonatum biflorum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Lily (Liliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 8-36" (20-90 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish-white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/2-2/3" (1.3-1.6 cm) long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Blue-black berry 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry to moist woods and thickets 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial to heavy shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Well-drained moist soil 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Prairie cinquefoil - Potentilla arguta
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 120 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow or white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Small 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Sandy loam or open rocky areas 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun to open shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Fairly dry to dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Common Mountain Mint - Pycnanthemum virginianum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Mint (Lamiaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-3' (60-90 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Whitish or pale lavender 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Nutlets 
		 Conditions:  
		 Hill prairies; dry, mesic, wet prairies; fens 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Prefers sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Early buttercup - Ranunculus fascicularis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Buttercup (Ranunculaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 10-30 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 Spring 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Black-Eyed Susan - Rudbeckia hirta
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Biennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-3' (30-90 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Golden-yellow ray flowers, with disk flowers forming a dark brown central cone 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2-3" (5-7.5 cm) wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-October 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Fields, prairies, swamps 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to moderately (seasonally) dry; established plants can tolerate extended drought conditions 
	

	

		 The Black-Eyed Susan is the state flower of Maryland. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Green-headed Coneflower - Rudbeckia laciniata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 0.5-3 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow ray flowers with a greenish-yellow disk 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Stream banks, flood plains 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Grey-headed Coneflower - Rudbeckia pinnata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1 1/2-5' (45-150 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow ray flowers with a greyish cone darkening to brown as ray flowers fall 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Rays 1-2 1/2" (2.5-6 cm) long, disk cone 3/4" (2 cm) long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry woods and prairies 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 When bruised, disk exudes an anise scent 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Bloodroot - Sanguinaria canadensis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Poppy (Papaveraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 10" (25 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White with a golden-orange center 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1 1/2" (3.8 cm) wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 March-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 2-parted capsule, pointed at both ends 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rich woodlands, along streams 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Roots and stem contain an acrid red-orange juice. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Golden Ragwort - Senecio aureus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30-80 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow ray flowers with yellow disks 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Wet meadows, swamps, moist woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Balsam ragwort - Senecio pauperculus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 10-70 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Prairie Dock - Silphium terebinthinaceum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-3 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 5-8 cm 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Prairies 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moderately (seasonally) dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Blue-eyed Grass - Sisyrinchium albidum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Iris (Iridaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 4-12" (10-30 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pale lavender 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Prairies & dry, open spaces 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			False Solomon's Seal - Smilacina racemosa
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Lily (Liliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-6' (60-180 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/8" (3 mm) long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Berry; at first green speckled with red, finally translucent, ruby-red 
		 Conditions:  
		 Woods and clearings 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Star-Flowered False Solomon's Seal - Smilacina stellata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Lily (Liliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-6' (60-180 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/4" (6 mm) long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Berry; at first with blackish-red stripes, eventually completely blackish-red 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Blue-stemmed Goldenrod - Solidago caesia
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-3' (30-90 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/4" (6 mm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-October 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Woods, thickets, clearings 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Lance-leaved goldenrod - Solidago graminifolia
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Aster (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 60-120 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 5 mm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-October 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Roadsides, fields, and thickets 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Gray goldenrod - Solidago nemoralis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Aster (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 0.3-1 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-October 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Achenes with tufts of hair 
		 Conditions:  
		 Remnants of dry prairie, Lake Michigan Dunes, sandy black-oak woods, leached or eroded slopes, open woods, roadsides, and railroads 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to mesic 
	

	

		 Does not cause allergies. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Stiff Goldenrod - Solidago rigida
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-5' (30-150 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Dark yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/3" (8 mm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-October 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Prairies, thickets, open woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Deep-rooted 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Showy Goldenrod - Solidago speciosa
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-7' (60-210 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/4" (6 mm) long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-October 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Achenes with tufts of hair 
		 Conditions:  
		 Open woods, prairies, thickets; hill and sand prairies; dry to mesic prairies; open woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Adaptable to various moisture regimes 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Elm-leaved goldenrod - Solidago ulmifolia
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Aster (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Deep yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 August-October 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rocky open woods, moderately disturbed woodlands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to mesic 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Steeplebush - Spiraea tomentosa
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-4' (60-120 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pink 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 less than 1/4" (6 mm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Small, dry, woody follicle in persisting clusters 
		 Conditions:  
		 Old fields, meadows, sterile low grounds 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Yellow pimpernel - Taenidia integerrima
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Carrot or Parsley (Apiaceae or Umbelliferae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 40-80 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry, sandy woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Goat's rue, Devil's shoestrings - Tephrosia virginiana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Pea (Leguminosae (Fabaceae)) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 20-70 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellowish banner, pink wings 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2 cm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Narrow, whitish, hairy pod to 5 cm long 
		 Conditions:  
		 Sandy fields and woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Tall Meadow Rue, Purple Meadow Rue - Thalictrum dasycarpum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Buttercup (Ranunculaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 3-4' (90-120 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Achenes 
		 Conditions:  
		 Mesic to wet prairies; sedge meadows; streambanks 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Early Meadow Rue - Thalictrum dioicum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Buttercup (Ranunculaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Dioecious perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-3' (30-90 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Bright, glossy yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1" wide (2.5 cm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Dry, seed-like, with winged margins and bird-like beaks, in a globose cluster 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist woods, thickets, meadows; Early meadowrue commonly occurs on alluvial soils that range from well-drained sandy loams to poorly drained clays; however, it usually is found on well-drained soils.  It grows in moist open woods and is found on north-facing slopes, ledges, rocky areas, ravines, and near limestone outcrops. 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Shade-tolerant 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Early meadowrue has a shallowly rooted caudex.  Foliage dies back to this rootstock each winter and resprouts in spring. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Foamflower - Tiarella cordifolia
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Saxifrage (Saxifragaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 6-12" (15-30 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/4" (6 mm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Pair of capsules, each splitting along one side 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rich woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Spreads by underground stems, forms colonies, makes an excellent groundcover for wooded sites 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Spiderwort - Tradescantia ohiensis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Spiderwort (Commelinaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-3' (30-90 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Rose to blue 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1-2" (2.5-5 cm) wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Capsules 
		 Conditions:  
		 Roadsides and wet meadows: hill, gravel, and sand prairies; dry, mesic, wet prairies; savannas 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Drought resistant 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Large-flowered Trillium - Trillium grandiflorum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Lily (Liliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 6-24"(15-60 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Waxy white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2-3" (5-7.5 cm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Red berry 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rich woods, thickets, usually basic or neutral soils 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Requires full to filtered sun in spring, shade afterwards 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Large-flowered Bellwort, Large Marybells - Uvularia grandiflora
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Lily (Liliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 20" (30 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1 1/2" (4 cm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 3-angled capsule similar to a beechnut 
		 Conditions:  
		 Calcerous soils of rich woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Heavy shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Damp 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Blue Vervain - Verbena hastata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Vervain (Verbenaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-6' (60-180 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Blue-violet 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/8" (3 mm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Damp thickets, shores, roadsides, wet meadows 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Hoary Vervain - Verbena stricta
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Vervain (Verbenaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-10' (60-300 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/2" (1.3 cm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Nutlets 
		 Conditions:  
		 Hill prairies; dry prairies; degraded prairies; pastures; fields 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Ironweed - Vernonia fasciculata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sunflower (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-5' (60-150 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Dark magenta 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet to mesic soil 
	

	

		 Large and showy, but too aggressive for small spaces 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Missouri Ironweed - Vernonia missurica
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Aster (Asteraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Violet or white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Wooded swamps, low meadows, waste places, overgrazed pastures and degraded prairies 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Mesic 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Culver's Root - Veronicastrum virginicum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Snapdragon (Scrophulariaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 3-6' (90-180 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/4" (6 mm) long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Ovid capsule 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist woods, thickets, meadows; mesic to wet prairies 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Common blue violet - Viola papilionacea
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Violet (Violaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 3-8" (7.5-20 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Deep violet-purple 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/2 - 3/4" (1.3-2 cm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 March-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 3-valved capsule 
		 Conditions:  
		 Damp woods, moist meadows, roadsides 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 This member of the Violet family (Violacaea) has traditional pansy-like flowers.  The flowers and leaves are on separate stalks.  Violets are said to prefer damp woods, moist meadows, and roadsides, however in my yard, it's favorite spot appears to be between the concrete paving stones of the patio. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Golden Alexanders - Zizia aurea
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Parsley (Apiaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-3' (30-90 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Bright yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2" (5 cm) wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Nutlets 
		 Conditions:  
		 Meadows, shores, moist woods and thickets 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	


Grasses

	

		
			Big Bluestem - Andropogon gerardii
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Grass (Gramineae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 3-8' 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July - August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Tolerates both wet and dry conditions 
	

	

		 Tolerates poor soil and heat 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Little Bluestem - Andropogon scoparius
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Grass (Gramineae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1 1/2 - 2 1/2' 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Tolerates poor, dry soil and heat. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Side-oats grama - Bouteloua curtipendula
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Poaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 18-36" 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Grassy knolls, railroads 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Bluejoint grass - Calamagrostis canadensis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Poaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-4' (60-120 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Wet meadows and swales in prairies and prairie remnants along railroads; marshes often forming solid stands. 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Prefers moist sites but can survive in a wide range of moisture regimes. 
	

	

		 Well-developed fields may persist for as long as 100 years. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Pennsylvania sedge - Carex pensylvanica
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Cyperaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 4-18" (10-45 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 Mid-April to mid-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Forest understories, open meadows 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Well-drained dry sites, with soils ranging from clay, silty clay loam, sandy loams, to alluvial deposits 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Tussock sedge - Carex stricta
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Cyperaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 3' (1 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May to mid-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Bogs, wet meadows, floodplains, swales, marshes, and wet woodlands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Shade intolerant 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet 
	

	

		 Found in areas where the soil is at or just above the water level. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Canada Wild Rye - Elymus canadensis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (N/A) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 5-7' 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Wild rye - Elymus virginicus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Grass (Gramineae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 0.6-1.3 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Shores, rich thickets 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun to shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry, mesic or wet soils 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Purple lovegrass - Eragrostis spectabilis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Grass (Gramineae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 20-30 inches while in bloom 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Violet, red 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 Summer/autumn 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Well-drained, open fields 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		 Grows best on moist, sandy soil. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Bottlebrush grass - Hystrix patula
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Grass (Gramineae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun to partial shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Average 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Path rush - Juncus tenuis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rush (Juncaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Green 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-October 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Capsule 
		 Conditions:  
		 Seep & spring wetlands, acid gravel seep, lake borders, agricultural fields & pastures 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		 Common in paths and along roadsides; open woods; wet open ground. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Junegrass - Koeleria cristata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Grass (Poaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 60 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Sand prairies 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun, partial sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Prairie Junegrass - Koeleria macrantha
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Grass (Poaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 20-60 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Hill and sand prairies; mesic prairies; 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry, mesic, or wet 
	

	

		 Prairie junegrass does not spread by rootstocks, or rhizomes. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Switchgrass - Panicum virgatum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Poaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 90 cm to 2.20 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pink 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Little bluestem - Schizachyrium scoparium
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Grass (Graminaea (Poaceae)) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 45-60 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White or beige 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet 
	

	

		 Schizachyrium scoparium appears to be another name for Andropogon scoparius. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Indiangrass - Sorghastrum nutans
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Gramineae (Poaceae)) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-2.5 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Prairies, bottomlands, open woods, and meadows 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Prairie Cordgrass - Spartina pectinata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Grass (Gramineae (Poaceae)) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-2 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Low floodplains and wetlands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun to part sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 The roots grow from the rhizomes and the base of the clumps and penetrate almost vertically downward to depths of 2.4-3.3 m. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Sand dropseed - Sporobolus cryptandrus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Grass (Gramineae (Poaceae)) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30-100 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Sandy areas 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Porcupine grass, Needlegrass - Stipa spartea
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Graminoid (Graminiae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1.2 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry sand prairies and black oak (Quercus velutinus) savannahs 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		   
	


Sedges

	

		
			Hardstem bulrush - Scirpus acutus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sedge (Cyperaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-3 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 marshes, swamps, seeps, washes, floodplains, along lake and stream margins, and in wet meadows 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Wool-grass - Scirpus cyperinus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sedge (Cyperaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Swamps and low ground 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet 
	

	

		   
	


Shrubs

	

		
			Leadplant - Amorpha canescens
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Pea (Leguminosae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-3' (0.3-1 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Purple 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry plains, hillsides, prairies, open woodlands, shaded ravines, and roadsides 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full Sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Drought tolerant, but is most productive in areas with 18 to over 20 inches (46-51 mm) MAP (Mean Annual Precipitation). 
	

	

		 Low-growing; Nutrient-poor soil restricts legginess.  The deep, branched, woody root system extends to a depth of 6.5 to 16.5 feet (2.1-5.3 m), with few laterals in the upper 2 to 3 feet (0.6-0.9 m) of soil.  This greatly minimizes competition with grasses for water and nutrients. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			False indigo - Amorpha fruticosa
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Pea (Leguminosae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 5-20' 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Deep blue 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 2 weeks in late spring 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full Sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Requires steady supply of moisture 
	

	

		 Low-growing; Nutrient-poor soil restricts legginess. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Chokeberry - Aronia melanocarpa
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 6" to 5' (90 cm to 1.60 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full Sun to Full Shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Red root (New Jersey Tea) - Ceanothus americanus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Buckthorn (Rhamnaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 3-4' (90-120 cm) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1/5" (5 mm) 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 3-lobed, splitting into three parts 
		 Conditions:  
		 Open woods, roadside clearings 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to dry 
	

	

		 It can rapidly colonize disturbed sites where its nitrogen-fixing ability gives it a competitive edge over other species. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Buttonbush - Cephalanthus occidentalis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Bedstraw (Rubiaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 90-300 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 8 mm long in clusters about 3.8 cm in diameter 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Round cluster of brown, cone-shaped nutlets 
		 Conditions:  
		 Swamps, borders of ponds and streams 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full or Part Sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet or dry sites with occassional flooding 
	

	

		 The flowers are honey-scented 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Sweet fern - Comptonia peregrina
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Bayberry (Myricaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 0.3-1.5 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April and May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Seeds grow in burlike heads, with four per fruit 
		 Conditions:  
		 Openings in coniferous forests in well-drained, dry, acid, sandy or gravelly soil 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Because it fixes nitrogen, it does well on disturbed sites or sites with sterile soil 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Silky dogwood - Cornus amomum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Dogwood (Cornaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2.40 - 3.00 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Showy blue fruit 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Swamp dogwood - Cornus foemina
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Dogwood (Cornaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Lowland sites 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Grey dogwood - Cornus racemosa
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Dogwood (Cornaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1.2-3.0 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 The individual fruits enclose a single stone and occur in clusters 
		 Conditions:  
		 Meadows, open woodlands, riparian zones, along roadsides, and forest margins 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Moderate to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Grows best on rich, moist, well-drained soils 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Roundleaf dogwood - Cornus rugosa
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Dogwood (Cornaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 3 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Pale blue, pea-size, seed rounded 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Redtwig dogwood, Red-osier dogwood - Cornus sericea
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Dogwood (Cornaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-6 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Small 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 White or lead-colored berrylike fruits 
		 Conditions:  
		 Swamps, low meadows, and riparian zones; it is also found in forest openings, open forest understories, and along forest margins 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Moderate to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		 Growth on gravel as fair to poor; growth on sand, sandy-loam, and loam as good; growth on clay-loam growth as fair to good; and growth on clay or dense clay as poor 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Red osier - Cornus stolonifera
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Dogwood (Cornaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-3.00 m, rarely to 4.6 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 6 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 6-10 mm in diameter; whitish, juicy; stone with 2 seeds 
		 Conditions:  
		 Along streams, in understory of forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			American hazelnut - Corylus americana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Birch (Betulaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1.80-3.00 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Acornlike nuts 
		 Conditions:  
		 Along streams, hedgerows, meadows, woodlands, roadsides, and forest margins 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 moist 
	

	

		 Grows best on rich, moist, well-drained soils.  It can grow under a light intensity of 15 percent or less; even as low as 1 percent. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			American hazelnut - Corylus cornuta
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Birch (Betulaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1.5-4 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Round, smooth nut with a very hard shell 
		 Conditions:  
		 Cool shaded sites on north-facing slopes, along streambanks, in moist wooded canyons and slopes, in the understory of oak and conifer forests, and in open, burned or cut-over lands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist and well-drained sites 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Bush honeysuckle - Diervilla lonicera
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 0.6-1.2 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Dry, woody, dehiscent capsule 
		 Conditions:  
		 Open, sandy thickets, woodlands, and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) plains 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Relatively insensitive to differences in light intensity 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Leatherwood - Dirca palustris
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Thymelaeaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-3 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Mesic woods thoroughout the Eastern Deciduous Forest 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		 Native Americans used Dirca palustris in basket making. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Eastern wahoo, Eastern Burningbush - Euonymus atropurpurea
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Staff-tree (Celastraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 6 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Dark red or purple 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 10 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 15 mm wide; red or purple capsules deeply 4-lobed and 4-celled 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils, especially in thickets, valleys, and forest edges 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Running strawberry bush - Euonymus obovatus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Staff-tree (Celastraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Orange-red or scarlet 
		 Conditions:  
		 Upland forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry, dry-mesic, mesic 
	

	

		 Likes limestone 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Witch Hazel - Hamamelis virginiana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Witch Hazel (Hamamelidaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 4.5-7.5 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2m long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 September-November 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 2-chambered, ovoid capsule about 1.3 cm long 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry or moist woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry or moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Winterberry - Ilex verticillata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Holly (Aquifoliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 90-300 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 In clusters, 6-13 m wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Berry-like, showy red, less than 6 mm wide 
		 Conditions:  
		 Swamps, damp thickets, pond margins 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet 
	

	

		 A relative of holly and has the same brilliant red berries which persist through winter. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Common juniper - Juniperus communis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Cypress (Cupressaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 0.3-1.2 m (rarely 4.6-7.6 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rocky slopes in coniferous forests of mountains and plains 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun or partial shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Prefers well-drained soil 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Creeping juniper - Juniperus horizontalis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Cypress (Cupressaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30-90 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May or June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Cones or fruits are globose and green, ripening to a glaucous, bluish purple or bluish black.  The berrylike fruits are succulent and contain two to six reddish-brown, ovoid to round seeds. 
		 Conditions:  
		 Open prairies; dry, rocky hillsides; mountain foothills; open woods; rock ledges or escarpments; dry montane ridges and hilltops; and in wash areas.  This species is capable of growing on dry, harsh, eroded sites or exposed pavement. 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Spicebush - Lindera benzoin
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Laurel (Lauraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1.8-5.1 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pale yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 3 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 March-April 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Ovoid, shiny, red, berry-like drupes 
		 Conditions:  
		 Swamps, wet woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		 The twigs, leaves, and fruits can be used to make tea. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Limber honeysuckle, Red honeysuckle - Lonicera dioica
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Berry 
		 Conditions:  
		 Upland forest, mesic thickets, wetlands and lake borders 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Mesic 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Ninebark - Physocarpus opulifolius
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-3 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Showy inflated fruits which ripen early fall 
		 Conditions:  
		 Stream banks and swamps 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun to part shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Prefers moist 
	

	

		 The name Ninebark describes the exfoliating bark, which readily peels, exposing many layers of previous season bark 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Pontentilla, Shrubby Cinquefoil - Potentilla fruticosa
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30-90 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Bright yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Small 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Dwarf American cherry, Sandcherry - Prunus pumila
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 4-6' 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 3/4" purplish-black fruit 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dunes and sand, or on calcareous rocky shores 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Alder buckthorn - Rhamnus alnifolia
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Buckthorn (Rhamnaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 .3 - 1 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Swamps, marshes, wet meadows, and woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun to part shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Prefers moist soils 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Fragrant sumac - Rhus aromatica
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Cashew (Anacardiaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1.2-2.4 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellowish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 March-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Drupe 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun to partial shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Tolerates dry soil 
	

	

		 Pungently fragrant when bruised. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Winged sumac - Rhus copallina
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Cashew (Anacardiaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 7.6 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish-white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 3 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Drupe; more than 3 mm in diameter; dark red 
		 Conditions:  
		 Open uplands, valleys, forest edges, grasslands, clearings, roadsides, waste places 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun to partial shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		 Given room, winged sumac spreads, forming dome-shaped colonies.  Leaves are bright red, yellow, or orange in the fall.  In the fall and winter, the dense clusters of tiny bright red seeds stand out; steeped in boiling water, they make a tart, pink "lemonade." 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Smooth sumac - Rhus glabra
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Cashew (Anacardiaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 6 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Whitish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 less than 3 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Drupe; less than 3 mm in diameter; rounded, crowded in upright clusters 
		 Conditions:  
		 Open uplands including edges of forests, grasslands, clearings, roadsides, and waste places 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Staghorn sumac - Rhus typhina
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Cashew (Anacardiaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 9 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 3-5 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Drupe; 5 mm in diameter, crowded in upright clusters 
		 Conditions:  
		 Open uplands, edges of forests, roadsides, and old fields 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		 Fruits sometimes used to make an acid summer drink called "Indian lemonade."  The species has orange-colored wood; both the bark and root bark are rich in tannic acid. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Wild blue currant - Ribes americana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Gooseberry (Grossulariaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Damp woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Gooseberry, Dogberry - Ribes cynosbati
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Gooseberry (Grossulariaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1.5 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Open, loamy or rocky woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Shade tolerant (although fruits better in full sun) 
		 Moisture:    
		 Well-drained loamy soil 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Smooth rose, Labrador rose - Rosa blanda
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Red 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Calcareous to neutral rocky slopes, shores 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Pasture rose, Carolina rose - Rosa carolina
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 90 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pink 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1-3 cm 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 A hip about 8 mm in diameter 
		 Conditions:  
		 Woodland margins, prairies, fence rows and roadsides 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		 Does not form dense thickets. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Swamp wild rose - Rosa palustris
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2.1 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pink 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 3.8-6.3 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Hips 
		 Conditions:  
		 Damp to wet 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun to part shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Photograph of Rosa palustris scandens double form 1824 courtesy of Noel Hall 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Allegheny blackberry, Highbush blackberry - Rubus allegheniensis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 an aggregation of drupelets, about 2 cm long, oblong, deep-violet; nutlets numerous, yellowish 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry prairies, woodland margins, roadsides and stream margins 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun or semi-shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Well-drained loam 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Black raspberry - Rubus occidentalis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 3 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 3-4 mm 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 An aggregation of black drupelets, 12-15 mm in diameter 
		 Conditions:  
		 Thickets, roadsides, open woodlands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun or semi-shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist, well-drained loam 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Prairie willow - Salix humilis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Willow (Salicaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-3 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1-3 cm long, dark brown or purplish 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Egg-shaped capsules about 6 mm long 
		 Conditions:  
		 Upland habitats 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Sandbar willow - Salix interior
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Willow (Salicaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1-3 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 1-3 cm long, dark brown or purplish 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Egg-shaped capsules about 6 mm long 
		 Conditions:  
		 Upland habitats 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			American Elder - Sambucus canadensis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 90-360 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 4 mm wide, in clusters 5-25 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Purplish-black berry-liek drupes, in clusters 
		 Conditions:  
		 Low ground, wet areas, and borders of fields and copses 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Red-berried elder - Sambucus pubens
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 60-300 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 6 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Bright red berry-like drupes in clusters 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rich woods, clearings 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		 Very high wildlife value, although fruit is poisonous to humans. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Meadowsweet - Spiraea alba
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 0.8-2 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White or pinkish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Narrow clusters of 5-parted dry capsules, persistent 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist meadows, marshes, moist open low woodlands, often in sandy soils 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			American bladdernut - Staphylea trifolia
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Bladdernut (Staphyleaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 5 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Inflated, papery 3-celled capsules 3-5 cm long 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rich woods, thickets, shaded slopes, along streams 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun or semi-shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Wolfberry, Western snowberry - Symphoricarpos occidentalis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 1 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Whitish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 5-8 mm 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 Early summer 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 white, drying blue or black, 6-9 mm in diameter 
		 Conditions:  
		 Hillsides, ravines, prairies 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun or shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Canadian yew - Taxus canadensis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Yew (Taxaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Male cones small, seeds solitary and covered with fleshy red tissue, resembling a berry 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rich woods and thicket 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Shade tolerant 
		 Moisture:    
		 Well-drained 
	

	

		 All parts of the plant, except the flesh of the fruit, are highly poisonous 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Nannyberry - Viburnum lentago
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 6-9 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 6 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Raisin-like, red-black berries, 12 mm long. The berries persist through the winter. 
		 Conditions:  
		 Upland forests, lake borders; along roadsides; wood borders, springy areas 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		 Fruit is edible; does not cause hayfever. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Downy arrowwood - Viburnum rafinesquianum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 .6-1.3 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Blue-black berries 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry upland forests and barren savanna 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Highbush cranberry - Viburnum trilobum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2.4-3.6 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Red 
		 Conditions:  
		 Upland forests and bogs 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		 Fruits are edible, acid. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Prickly ash - Zanthoxylum americanum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rue (Rutaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 4.60 to 7.60 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow-green 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 less than 5 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 5 mm long; podlike, elliptical, brown and slightly fleshy 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils in valleys and rocky uplands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		 Volatile oil is used as a tonic or stimulant; bark and fruit have been used to relieve toothache. 
	

	

		   
	


Trees

	

		
			Balsam fir - Abies balsamea
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Pine (Pinaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 40-60' (12-18 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Coniferous forests; often in pure stands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Evergreen 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Rock maple, Black maple - Acer nigrum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (N/A) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 80' (24 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 5 mm 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 2.5-3.2 cm long; paired forking keys, brown 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils of valleys and uplands; in mixed hardwood forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Red maple - Acer rubrum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (N/A) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 60-90' (18-27 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Wet or moist soils of stream banks, valleys, swamps, and uplands; in mixed hardwood forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Silver maple - Acer saccharinum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (N/A) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 50-80' (15-24 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Wet soils of stream banks, flood plains, and swamps; with other hardwoods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Sugar maple - Acer saccharum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (N/A) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 70-100' (21-30 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils of uplands and valleys, sometimes in pure stands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Ohio buckeye - Aesculus glabra
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (N/A) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30-70' (9-21 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pale yellow or greenish-yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 3/4-1" (2-2.5 cm) long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 1-2" (2.5-5 cm) in diameter; a pale brown spiny capsule, splitting on two or three lines, contains 1-3 large dark brown poisonous seeds. 
		 Conditions:  
		 Rich moist soils of valleys and mountain slopes, also on drier sites.  Sometimes a thicket-forming shrub on stream banks; in mixed hardwood forests. 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Green alder - Alnus crispa
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (N/A) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Speckled adler - Alnus rugosa
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (N/A) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 20' (6 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 tiny 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 In early spring, before leaves 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Along streams and lakes, in swamps 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Shadblow serviceberry - Amelanchier arborea
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (N/A) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 40' (12 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 1/4-3/8" (6-10 mm) in diameter; like a small apple; purple 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils in hardwood forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Allegany serviceberry - Amelanchier laevis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (N/A) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 15-25' 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 Spring 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Edible black fruit 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun to shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Pawpaw - Asimina triloba
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (N/A) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30' (9 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 1 1/2" (4 cm) wide 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Green to brown or purple 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 February-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 3-5" (7.5-12 cm) long, 1-1 1/2" (2.5-4 cm) in diameter, suggesting a small banana 
		 Conditions:  
		 Deciduous forests, slopes of ravines, along streams, and floodplains.  Soils on which it occurs are usually deep, rich, damp, sandy, or clayey. 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Shade tolerant 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist soils 
	

	

		 Edible fruit with a flavor of custard; fruits ripen from July to September. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Yellow birch - Betula alleghaniensis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (N/A) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 70-100' (21-30 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellowish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Tiny 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 Early spring 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Cool moist uplands including mountain ravines; with hardwoods and conifers 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 One of the largest hardwoods in northeastern North America 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Black birch - Betula nigra
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (N/A) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 40-80' (12-24 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Tiny 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 Early spring 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Wet soil of stream banks, lakes, swamps, and flood plains; with other hardwoods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Paper birch - Betula papyrifera
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (N/A) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 50-70' (15-21 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Tiny 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 Early spring 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist upland soils and cutover lands; often in nearly pure stands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			American hornbeam, Musclewood, Blue beech - Carpinus caroliniana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Corylaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30' (9 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Small ribbed nutlet 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist, rich soils, mainly along sreams and in ravines, in understory of hardwood forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Tolerant of shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Bitternut hickory - Carya cordiformis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Juglandaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 60-80' (18-24 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Tiny 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April or May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 3/4-1 1/4" (2-3 cm) long, nearly round or slightly flattened; thin husk with tindy yellow scales, splitting along 4 wings 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry hills; along roads 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Intolerant of shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to moist 
	

	

		 Wood is slightly lighter, less stiff, and not quite as strong as other hickories. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Pignut hickory - Carya glabra
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Juglandaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 60-80' (18-24 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Tiny 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Hickory nut usually not angled, thick-shelled, with small sweet or bitter seed 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry and moist uplands in hardwood forests with oaks and other hickories 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 This is a good ornamental tree, but difficult to transplant. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Shellbark hickory - Carya laciniosa
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Juglandaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 70-100' (21-30 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Tiny 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 4.5-6 cm long, nearly rounded, flattened; becoming light to dark brown with thick husk splitting to base 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist or wet soils of flood plains and vallyes, with other hardwoods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Nut is very sweet.  Wood is very heavy, close grained, strong, and elastic. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Shagbark hickory - Carya ovata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Juglandaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 70-100' (21-30 m) 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Tiny 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 1 1/4 - 2 1/2" (3-6 cm) long, nearly round, flattened at tip, with thick dark brown or blackish husk splitting to base 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils of valleys and upland slopes in mixed hardwood forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Intermediate in shade tolerance 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		 Shagbark hickory has a deep taproot. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Hackberry - Celtis occidentalis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Ulmaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 15-27 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 3 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 6-10 mm in diameter; orange-red to dark purple 1 seeded drupes; dry and sweet 
		 Conditions:  
		 Mainly in river valleys, also on upland slopes and bluffs in mixed hardwood forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Shade tolerant 
		 Moisture:    
		 Perfers moist soils; however is not suitable for areas with a high watertable 
	

	

		 In poor, dry sites, growth is so stunted that the plant appears as a shrub. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Eastern redbud - Cercis canadensis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Caesalpiniaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 12 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Pink 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 12 mm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 6-8 cm long, flat, narrowly oblong pods, pointed at the ends 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils of valleys and slopes and in hardwood forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		 Eastern redbud grows on almost any site that is not excessively wet, excessively dry, or strongly acidic. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Alternate-leaf dogwood - Cornus alternifolia
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Dogwood (Cornaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 4.6 - 7.6 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 6 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 Late spring 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 6 mm in diameter; berrylike, blue-black 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils in understory of hardwood and coniferous forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Flowering dogwood - Cornus florida
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Dogwood (Cornaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 6.2-9 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 10-15 mm long, berrylike, elliptical, shiny red 
		 Conditions:  
		 Both moist and dry soils of valleys and uplands in understory of hardwood forests; also in old fields and along roadsides 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Cockspur hawthorn - Crataegus crus-galli
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 4.60 - 9 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 12-15 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 10-12 mm in diameter; rounded; greenish or dull dark red; thin hard pulp 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils of valleys and low upland slopes 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Downy hawthorn - Crataegus mollis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 12 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2.5 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 19 mm in diameter; nearly round or short oblong; scarlett or crimson with dark dots; slightly hairy; thick juicy edible pulp 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils of valleys and hillsides in open woods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Dotted hawthorn - Crataegus punctata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 6-9 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 12-19 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 12-19 mm in diameter; rounded or slightly elliptical; dull red or occassionally yellow, with whitish dots; thick pulp; 2-5 nutlets 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils of valleys and on rocky upland slopes, especially on limestone; in forest opennings and borders. 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			American beech - Fagus grandifolia
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Beech (Fagaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 18-24 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 12-19 mm long, short-stalked light brown prickly burs 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist rich soils of uplands and well-drained lowlands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			White ash - Fraxinus americana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Olive (Oleaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 18-24 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Purplish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 6 mm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 2.5-5 cm long; brownish key with narrow wing not extending down cylindrical body; hanging in clusters 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils of valleys and slopes, especially deep well-drained loams; in forests with other hardwoods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Black ash - Fraxinus nigra
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Olive (Oleaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 9-15 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Purplish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 6 mm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 2.5-4 cm long; key with broad oblong wing extending to base of flat body; hanging in clusters 
		 Conditions:  
		 Wet soils of swamps, peat bogs, and streams, especially cold swamps where drainage is poor; in coniferous and hardwood forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Shade intollerant 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Green ash - Fraxinus pennsylvanica
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Olive (Oleaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 18 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 3 mm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 3-6 cm long; yellowish key with narrow wing extending nearly to base of narrow body; hanging in clusters 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist alluvial soils along streams in floodplain forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Blue ash - Fraxinus quadrangulata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Olive (Oleaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 21 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Purplish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 less than 3 mm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 March-April 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 3-5 cm long; key with broad, oblong wings extending to base of flattened body; hanging in clusters 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry, rocky limestone slopes and moist soils of valleys; in hardwood forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Honeylocust - Gleditsia triacanthos
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Legume (Fabaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 24 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish-yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 10 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 15-41 cm long, 3 cm wide; dark brown flat pod, hairy, slightly curved and twisted; many beanlike flattened dark brown seeds in a sweetish edible pulp 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils of river flood plains in mixed forests; more rarely, dry upland limestone hills or waste places 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Kentucky coffeetree - Gymnocladus dioicus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Legume (Fabaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 21 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish-white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 15-19 mm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 10-18 cm long and 4-5 cm wide; dark red-brown pod 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils of valleys with other hardwoods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Although the raw seeds are poisonous, when roasted the seeds were used as a coffee-substitute. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Butternut - Juglans cinerea
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Walnut (Juglandaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 12-21 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 4-6 cm long; 3-5 in drooping clusters; narrowly egg-shaped; long-pointed, with 2 ridges, rust-colored sticky hairs, and a thick husk 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils of valleys and slopes; also dry rocky soils; in hardwood forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Black walnut - Juglans nigra
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Walnut (Juglandaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 21-27 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Single or paired, 4-6 cm in diameter; thick green or brown husk; irregularly ridged, thick-shelled inner layer covering sweet edible nut 
		 Conditions:  
		 Black walnut is found on a variety of sites but grows best on deep, well-drained neutral soils that are moist and fertile. It grows slowly on wet bottomlands, dry ridges, and slopes.  Black walnut is common on limestone soils and grows extremely well on deep loams and fertile alluvial deposits.  Good agricultural soils are generally favorable sites for black walnut. 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		 The root system usually consists of a deep taproot and several wide-spreading lateral roots. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Eastern redcedar - Juniperus virginiana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Cypress (Cupressaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 12-18 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Cones, 6-10 mm in diameter; berrylike, dark blue with a bloom, soft, juicy, sweetish and resinous with 1-2 seeds 
		 Conditions:  
		 From dry uplands, especially in limestone, to flood plains and swamps, also abandoned fields and fence rows 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Tamarack, Eastern larch - Larix laricina
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Pine (Pinaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 12-24 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Wet, peaty soils of bogs and swamps; also in drier upland loamy soils; often in pure stands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun (intolerant of shade) 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet to moist 
	

	

		 Native Americans used the slender roots to sew together strips of birch bark for their canoes. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Yellow-poplar, Tuliptree - Liriodendron tulipifera
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 24-37 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 4-5 cm long and wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 6-7.5 cm long; conelike; light brown 
		 Conditions:  
		 Valleys and slopes 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist but well-drained 
	

	

		 Species is intolerant of shade. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Sweet crab apple - Malus coronaria
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 9 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White or pink 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 4 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 2.5-3 cm in diameter; like a small apple; yellow-green, maturing in late summer 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils in openings and borders of forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Red mulberry - Morus rubra
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Mulberry (Moraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 5-21 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Green 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 About 3 mm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 2.5-3 cm long; red to dark purple; composed of many tiny beadlike 1-seeded, edible, sweet & juicy fruits 
		 Conditions:  
		 In pastures and field borders, and on moist, well-drained soils of coves and floodplains. 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		 Mulberry grows on a variety of soils including clays, sands, and loams. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Black tupelo, Blackgum - Nyssa sylvatica
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Dogwood (Nyssaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 15-30 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 10-12 mm long, berrylike, elliptical, blue-black, with thin bitter or sour pulp 
		 Conditions:  
		 Creek bottoms, relatively dry upper and middle slopes of the Appalachian Mountains, on the banks of swamps, ponds, and estuaries of the Coastal Plain, and in low coves and seepages which remain wet year-round 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		 Black tupelo will tolerate brief spring flooding on alluvial sites and is common on the relatively dry upper and middle slopes in the Appalachian Mountains. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Eastern hophornbeam, Ironwood - Ostrya virginiana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Birch (Betulaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 6-15 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 4-5 cm long, 2-2.5 cm wide; conelike hanging clusters composed of many flattened, small egg-shaped brown nutlet, each within a swollen egg-shaped flattened light brown comver that is papery and sacklike 
		 Conditions:  
		 Most common on dry-mesic and mesic valley bottoms and lower slopes; understory of upland hardwood forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		 The wood is strong, hard, tough, and durable, suitable for tool handles, fenceposts, and small wooden articles. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			White spruce - Picea glauca
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Pine (Pinaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 12-30 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Coniferous forests; sometimes in pure stands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Black spruce, Bog spruce, Swamp spruce - Picea mariana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Pine (Pinaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 6-18 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Wet soils and bogs including peats, clays, and loams; in coniferous forests, often in pure stands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Jack pine - Pinus banksiana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Pine (Pinaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 10-20 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Cones are 1 1/2 to 2 inches long, curved, light brown but graying with age.  They are persistent on the tree for several years. 
		 Conditions:  
		 Sandy soils, dunes, and on rock outcrops; often in extensive pure stands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Red pine - Pinus resinosa
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Pine (Pinaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 21-24 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Cones are 1 1/2 to 2 1/4 inches long, egg-shaped, shiny light brown 
		 Conditions:  
		 Well-drained soils; particularly sand plains; usually in mixed forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Eastern white pine - Pinus strobus
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Pine (Pinaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 33 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Cones are 4 to 8 inches long, yellow-brown and narrowly cylindrical 
		 Conditions:  
		 Well-drained sandy soils; sometimes in pure stands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Sycamore - Platanus occidentalis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Sycamore (Platanaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 18-30 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Tiny 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 2.5 cm in diameter; usually 1 brown ball handing on a long stalk, composed of many narrow nutlets 
		 Conditions:  
		 Wet soils of stream banks, flood plains, and edges of lakes and swamps; dominant in mixed forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun to light shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Balsam poplar - Populus balsamifera
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Willow (Salicaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 18-24 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Brownish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Catins 5-9 cm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 8 mm long, egg shaped 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils of valleys, mainly stream banks, sandbars, and flood plains, also lower slopes; often in pure stands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Eastern cottonwood - Populus deltoides
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Willow (Salicaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Brownish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Catins 5-9 cm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 10 mm long, elliptical capsules 
		 Conditions:  
		 Boardering streams and in wet soils in valleys; in purse stands or often with willows 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Bigtooth aspen, Largetooth aspen - Populus grandidentata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Willow (Salicaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 9-18 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Brownish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Catins 4-6 cm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 6 mm long, light green narrowly conical capsules 
		 Conditions:  
		 Sandy upland soils, also flood plains of streams 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Quaking aspen - Populus tremuloides
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Willow (Salicaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 12-21 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Brownish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 Catins 2.5-6 cm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 6 mm long, light green, narrowly conical 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			American plum - Prunus americana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 9 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2-2.5 cm 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Plum, 2-2.5 cm in diameter; thick red skin; edible juicy sour pulp; large stone 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils of valleys and low upland slopes 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Canadian plum, Horse plum - Prunus nigra
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 6 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White fading to pink 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2-2.5 cm 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Plum, 2-3 cm long; elliptical; thick red or yellowish-red skin; yellow edible pulp; large stone 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils of valleys and hillsides 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 sun or partial shade although it fruits better in a sunny position 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist, well-drained soil 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Pin cherry - Prunus pensylvanica
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 9 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 12 mm 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 A cherry, 6 mm in diameter; red skin, thin sour pulp; large stone 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soil, often in  pure stands on burned areas and clearings 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Black cherry - Prunus serotina
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 24 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 10 mm 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 A cherry, 10 mm in diameter; dark red turning blackish skin, slightly bitter pulp; elliptical stone 
		 Conditions:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Eastern chokecherry - Prunus virginiana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 6 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 12 mm 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 A chokecherry, 6-10 mm in diameter; shiny dark red or blackish skin, juicy, astringent or bitter pulp; large stone 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils, especially along streams in mountains, forest borders, clearings and roadsides 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Hoptree - Ptelea trifoliata
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rue (Citrus) (Rutaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 6 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish-white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 10 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 22 mm in diameter, yellow-brown numerous, disk-shaped, waferlike with rounded wing 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry rocky uplands, also in valleys and canyons 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Prefers full shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			White oak - Quercus alba
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Beech (Fagaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 24-30 m or more 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist, well-drained uplands and lowlands, often in pure stands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Swamp white oak - Quercus bicolor
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Beech (Fagaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 5.20-22.80 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Swamps, floodplain forests, lake borders 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Northern pin oak - Quercus ellipsoidalis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Beech (Fagaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 15-21 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Nut 
		 Conditions:  
		 Well-drained dry or moist sandy and clay soils; in pure stands, with other oaks, or in mixed forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		 Gray and fox squirrels eat the acorns. For humans, the fruit is edible after preparation. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Shingle oak - Quercus imbricaria
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Beech (Fagaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 15-18 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Nut 
		 Conditions:  
		 Along streams, in moist uplands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		 In pioneer days, the wood was used in making shingles. The wood is heavy, hard, coarse grained and checks badly in drying. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Bur oak - Quercus macrocarpa
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Beech (Fagaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 15-24 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Nut 
		 Conditions:  
		 From dry uplands on limestone and gravelly ridges, sandy plains, and loamy slopes to moist flood plains of streams 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Chinkapin oak - Quercus muehlenbergii
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Beech (Fagaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 15-24 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Nut 
		 Conditions:  
		 Mostly on limestone outcrops in alkaline soils, including dry bluffs and rocky river banks, often with other oaks 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Pin oak - Quercus palustris
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Beech (Fagaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 15-27 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Nut 
		 Conditions:  
		 In nearly pure stands on poorly drained, wet sites, including clay soils on level uplands; less common on deep, well-drained bottomlands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet 
	

	

		 The fruit is edible after preparation. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Dwarf chinkapin oak - Quercus prinoides
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Beech (Fagaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Nut 
		 Conditions:  
		 Upland forests, limestone bluffs 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Red oak - Quercus rubra
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Beech (Fagaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 18-27 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Nut 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist, loamy, sandy, rocky, and clay soils; often forming pure stands 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		 The fruit is edible after preparation.  The wood is heavy, hard, strong, and close-grained. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Black oak - Quercus velutina
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Beech (Fagaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 15-24 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Dry upland sandy and rocky ridges and slopes, also on clay hillsides 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Dry to moist 
	

	

		 Easily distinguished by the yellow or orange inner bark, formerly a source of tannin, of medicine, and a dye for cloth.  The peeled bark was dried, pounded to powder, and the dye sifted out. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Bebb's willow - Salix bebbiana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Willow (Salicaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-10 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2-4 cm 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-July or August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 10 mm long, light brown, slender capsules 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist open uplands and borders of streams, lakes, and swamps 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Pussy willow - Salix discolor
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Willow (Salicaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 2-7 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2.5-6 cm 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-July or August 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 8-12 mm long, light brown, slender capsules 
		 Conditions:  
		 Wet meadow soils and borders of streams and lakes; usually in coniferous forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Black willow - Salix nigra
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Willow (Salicaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 18-30 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2.5-7.5 cm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Reddish-brown capsules about 5 mm long 
		 Conditions:  
		 Wet soils of banks of streams and lakes, especially flood plains; often in pure stands with cottonwoods 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Sassafras - Sassafras albidum
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Laurel (Lauraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 9-18 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellow-green 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 10 mm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 10 mm long elliptical shiny bluish-black berries, each in a red cup on a long red stalk 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist, particularly sandy, soils of uplands and valleys, often in old fields, clearings, and forest openings 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			American mountain-ash, American Rowan-tree - Sorbus americana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 3-9 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 6 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 6 mm in diameter; like small apples; bright red skin; bitter pulp, in clusters 
		 Conditions:  
		 Valleys & slopes, in coniferous forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		 Berries remain on the tree and are available to birds all winter. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Showy mountain-ash - Sorbus decora
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 9 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 10 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 10-12 mm in diameter; like small apples; bright red skin; bitter pulp, in clusters 
		 Conditions:  
		 Valleys & slopes 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Eastern Arborvitae, Northern white-cedar - Thuja occidentalis
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Cypress (Cupressaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 12-21 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 April-May 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Swamps, bogs, limestone uplands, woodland margins 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Wet to moist 
	

	

		 Can be used as a hedge. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			American basswood - Tilia americana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Linden (Tiliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 18-30 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Yellowish-white 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 12-15 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 10 mm in diameter; nutlike, elliptical or rounded, grey, covered with fine hairs 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils of valleys and uplands; in hardwood forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		 This species is favored by bees over others and produces a strongly flavored honey.  When flowering, the trees are full of bees, which explains why an alternative name for the tree is Bee-tree. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			American elm - Ulmus americana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Elm (Ulmaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 30 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 3 mm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Elliptical flot 1-seeded keys, 10-12 mm long 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist soils, especially in valleys and flood plains; in mixed hardwood forests 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Partial shade to full sun 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist to wet 
	

	

		   
	


Vines

	

		
			American bittersweet - Celastrus scandens
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Staff-Tree (Celastraceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 Vine 
		 Flower Color:   
		 4 mm wide in terminal clusters up to 10 cm long 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Yellow-orange, opening upon maturation to reveal the scarlet, berry-like interior 
		 Conditions:  
		 Thickets, woods, riverbanks 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Virgin's bower - Clematis virginiana
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Buttercup (Ranunculaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 Vine, with stem 1.8-3 m long 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2.5 cm wide 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 July-September 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 1-seeded with plumy tails and in globose heads 
		 Conditions:  
		 Borders of woods, thickets, moist places 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Wild yam - Dioscorea villos
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Yam (Dioscoreaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish-yellow 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 A yellowish-green 3-lobed capsule 
		 Conditions:  
		 Moist woody areas; moist thickets, trailing over adjacent shrubs and bushes 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Moonseed - Menispermum villosa
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Moonseed (Menispermaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Drupe 
		 Conditions:  
		 Mesic upland forest, floodplain forests, mesic thickets, wetlands, lake borders, and agricultural fields 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		 The roots were once used in medicine, however the fruit is poisonous. 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Virginia creeper - Parthenocissus quinquefolia
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Vitaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Deciduous 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 18 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Green; borne in panicles of compound cymes 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 June-July 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Dark purple berry containing four seeds 
		 Conditions:  
		 Often grows in open places such as the borders of clearings and along fence rows and streambank 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Tolerant of shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Prefers moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Cherokee rose, Climbing rose, Prairie rose - Rosa setigera
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 5 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Rose 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 3-3.5 cm long 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Hip, red, 0.8-1.3 cm diameter 
		 Conditions:  
		 Fencerows and thickets 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Northern dewberry - Rubus flagellaris
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Rose (Rosaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 60 cm 
		 Flower Color:   
		 White 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 2-3 cm in diameter 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 An aggregation of black drupelets, 10-15 mm in diameter 
		 Conditions:  
		 Open fields, woodlands and forest margins 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun or semi-shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Well-drained loam 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Common greenbriar - Smilax rotundifolia
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Lily (Liliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 12 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Greenish 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 Spring 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 Blue-black, glaucous, usually 2-seeded 
		 Conditions:  
		 Thickets, woods, old fields, fencerows 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 Sun or semi-shade 
		 Moisture:    
		 Moist 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Prickly greenbriar - Smilax tamnoides
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 Lily (Liliaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 13 m 
		 Flower Color:   
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 N/A 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 black, about 6 mm long, containing 1 or 2 seeds 
		 Conditions:  
		 Deciduous forests, but often very abundant along stream banks and forest margins 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 N/A 
	

	

		   
	

	

		
			Riverbank grape - Vitis riparia
		
	

	

		 Family: 
		 N/A (Vitaceae) 
		 Lifespan: 
		 Perennial 
	

	

		 Height:  
		 N/A 
		 Flower Color:   
		 Green 
	

	

		 Flower Size:   
		 N/A 
		 Bloom Season:  
		 May-June 
	

	

		 Fruit:  
		 N/A 
		 Conditions:  
		 Along roadsides, in upland forests, floodplain forests, sand forests, thickets, and along lake boarders 
	

	

		 Sunlight:    
		 N/A 
		 Moisture:    
		 Mesic to wet 
	

	

		 Grapes need full sunlight and high temperatures to ripen.  The fruit of Vitis riparia is edible, although the early fruit is sour.  Later fruit tends to be mild. 
	

	

		   
	








(Plants in red are growing in my yard.)





More information on plants native to Southeast Michigan is available from:






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I can be reached at audrey@mystery.com